Contemporary Social issues

INTRODUCTION: Emerging national economies, also known as emerging markets are less developed nations with fast-growing economies. In other words, they are countries undergoing rapid growth and industrialization that are poised to emerge onto the global market. Emerging national economies, also known as emerging markets are less developed nations with fast-growing economies. In other words, they are countries undergoing rapid growth and industrialization that are poised to emerge onto the global market. As these emerging national economies become more stable, they become attractive to investors and businesses in developed countries. This can bring new factories and technologies into these nations, further boosting their national economy. However, this economic growth and prosperity does not come without environmental risk. BRICS STATES: In the recent past the world has witnessed the remarkable growth of the emerging market economies, notably BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China,...

In corporate finance, the pecking order theory (or pecking order model) postulates that the cost of financing increases with asymmetric information. Financing comes from three sources, internal funds, debt and new equity. Companies prioritize their sources of financing, first preferring internal financing, and then debt, lastly raising equity as a "last resort". Hence: internal financing is used first; when that is depleted, then debt is issued; and when it is no longer sensible to issue any more debt, equity is issued. This theory maintains that businesses adhere to a hierarchy of financing sources and prefer internal financing when available, and debt is preferred over equity if external financing is required (equity would mean issuing shares which meant 'bringing external ownership' into the company). Thus, the form of debt a firm chooses can act as a signal of its need for external finance. The pecking order theory is popularized by Myers and Majluf (1984) wher...